CIVIL ENGINEERING

Advanced prestressed concrete

2009-12-01T04:11:00.000-08:00

The purpose of grouting is to provide permanent protection to the post-tensioned steel against corrosion and to develop bond between the Prestressing cables and the surrounding structural concrete.Grouting shall be carried out as early as possible, but generally not later than two weeks of stressing.Whenever this stipulation cannot be completed with for unavoidable reasons adequate temporary protection of the cables against corrosion by methods or products, which will not impair the ultimate adherence of the injected grout shall be ensured till grouting.

Material
1. Water : Only Clean potable water free from impurities shall be used.
2. Cement : Ordinary port land cement 43Grade shall be used. It should be as fresh as possible and free from any lumps.
3. Admixture : Non-shrink powder compound.

Equipments
1. Grout Mixer Mechanical type
2. Grout Pump J-600
3. Grout Screen
4. Connection and air vents
5. Generator
6. Thermometer, Stopwatch etc.

Procedure of the Grout
1)After measuring the slip of 24hrs, the extended cables shall be cut off
50mm away from bearing plates.
2) Cement mortar of 1:1 ratio is applied over the Bearing Plates on both ends of girders to prevent the leakage of Grout. Grouting operation shall be commenced after two days of sealing the ends.
3) Water cement ratio should be as low as possible consistent with workability. This ratio is 0.42 (not more than 0.45 as per MOST,P-677) proportions of material shall be based on field trials made on the Grout before commencement of grouting. As per specifications, the temperature of the Grout maintained at 250C by adding ice into water if necessary.
4) Water shall be poured in to the mixer with Port land cement and admixture is added into it. Mixing shall be continued for duration to obtain uniform and thoroughly blended Grout. Grout shall be continuously agitated and then pour into another tank after passing through the screen.
5) Ducts shall be flushed with water for cleaning as well as for wetting the surface of the duct walls.
6) The water in the duct shall be blown out with compress air.

Injection Of Grout:-

1) After mixing of Grout, all connections from tank to pump and pump to inlet shall be checked.
2) The grout shall be allowed to flow freely from the other end until the consistency of the grout at this end is the same as that of the Grout at the injection end.
3) When the Grout flows at the other end, it shall be closed off and grouting is continued so that pressure commenced, full injection pressure at about 5 kg/cm2 shall be maintained for at least one minute before closing the injection pipes.
4) If there is leakage observed at any of ends the grouting operation shall be discontinued and the entire duct flushed with high-pressure water. Grout not used within 30minutes of mixing shall be rejected.
6) Check the Compressive strength of the cubes for the grout in 10 cm cubes for 7 days, which should not be less than 17 Mpa.
7) Grouting record for each cable shall be maintained as per Perform in MOST.

Low cost in construction

2009-12-01T04:06:00.000-08:00

Low Cost building is a new concept which deals with effective budgeting and following of techniques which help in reducing the cost construction through the use of locally available materials along with improved skills and technology without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.There is huge misconception that low cost housing is suitable for only sub standard works and they are constructed by utilizing cheap building materials of low quality.The fact is that Low cost housing is done by proper management of resources.Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing works or implementing them in phases.
Building Cost
The building construction cost can be divided into two parts namely:
Building material cost : 65 to 70 %
Labour cost : 65 to 70 %
Now in low cost housing, building material cost is less because we make use of the locally available materials and also the labour cost can be reduced by properly making the time schedule of our work. Cost of reduction is achieved by selection of more efficient material or by an improved design.

Areas from where cost can be reduced are:-

1) Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.Ex.15 cms thick solid concrete block wall.

2) Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place of burnt brick.

3) Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in place of burnt brick.

4) Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.

5) Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the size of the component in the building.

6) By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to demolition of the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.

7) Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it’s necessary, if it is not necessary, then that component should not be used.

Cost reduction through adhoc methods

Foundation
Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total building and usually foundation depth of 3 to 4 ft. is adopted for single or double store building and also the concrete bed of 6″(15 Cms.) is used for the foundation which could be avoided.
It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.(0.6m) for normal soil like gravely soil, red soils etc., and use the uncoursed rubble masonry with the bond stones and good packing. Similarly the foundation width is rationalized to 2 ft.(0.6m).To avoid cracks formation in foundation the masonry shall be thoroughly packed with cement mortar of 1:8 boulders and bond stones at regular intervals.
It is further suggested adopt arch foundation in ordinary soil for effecting reduction in construction cost up to 40%.This kind of foundation will help in bridging the loose pockets of soil which occurs along the foundation.
In the case black cotton and other soft soils it is recommend to use under ream pile foundation which saves about 20 to 25% in cost over the conventional method of construction.

Plinth
It is suggested to adopt 1 ft. height above ground level for the plinth and may be constructed with a cement mortar of 1:6. The plinth slab of 4 to 6″ which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place brick on edge can be used for reducing the cost. By adopting this procedure the cost of plinth foundation can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.It is necessary to take precaution of providing impervious blanket like concrete slabs or stone slabs all round the building for enabling to reduce erosion of soil and thereby avoiding exposure of foundation surface and crack formation.

Walling
Wall thickness of 6 to 9″ is recommended for adoption in the construction of walls all-round the building and 41/2 ” for inside walls. It is suggested to use burnt bricks which are immersed in water for 24 hours and then shall be used for the walls

Rat – trap bond wall
It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage of thermal comfort and reduction in the quantity of bricks required for masonry work. By adopting this method of bonding of brick masonry compared to traditional English or Flemish bond masonry, it is possible to reduce in the material cost of bricks by 25% and about 10to 15% in the masonry cost. By adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically pleasing wall surface and plastering can be avoided.

Concrete block walling
In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes about only 1/3 of the energy of the burnt bricks in its production. By using concrete block masonry the wall thickness can be reduced from 20 cms to 15 Cms. Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction of wall resulting in higher output of labour, plastering can be avoided thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved.

Soil cement block technology
It is an alternative method of construction of walls using soil cement blocks in place of burnt bricks masonry. It is an energy efficient method of construction where soil mixed with 5% and above cement and pressed in hand operated machine and cured well and then used in the masonry. This masonry doesn’t require plastering on both sides of the wall. The overall economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is about 15 to 20% compared to conventional method of construction.

Doors and windows
It is suggested not to use wood for doors and windows and in its place concrete or steel section frames shall be used for achieving saving in cost up to 30 to 40%.Similiarly for shutters commercially available block boards, fibre or wooden practical boards etc., shall be used for reducing the cost by about 25%.By adopting brick jelly work and precast components effective ventilation could be provided to the building and also the construction cost could be saved up to 50% over the window components.

Lintals and Chajjas
The traditional R.C.C. lintels which are costly can be replaced by brick arches for small spans and save construction cost up to 30 to 40% over the traditional method of construction. By adopting arches of different shapes a good architectural pleasing appearance can be given to the external wall surfaces of the brick masonry.

Roofing
Normally 5″(12.5 cms) thick R.C.C. slabs is used for roofing of residential buildings. By adopting rationally designed insitu construction practices like filler slab and precast elements the construction cost of roofing can be reduced by about 20 to 25%.

Filler slabs
They are normal RCC slabs where bottom half (tension) concrete portions are replaced by filler materials such as bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.These filler materials are so placed as not to compromise structural strength, result in replacing unwanted and nonfunctional tension concrete, thus resulting in economy. These are safe, sound and provide aesthetically pleasing pattern ceilings and also need no plaster.

For more on filler materials check Filler Materials Used in Concrete

Jack arch roof/floor
They are easy to construct, save on cement and steel, are more appropriate in hot climates. These can be constructed using compressed earth blocks also as alternative to bricks for further economy.

Ferrocement channel/shell unit
Provide an economic solution to RCC slab by providing 30 to 40% cost reduction on floor/roof unit over RCC slabs without compromising the strength. These being precast, construction is speedy, economical due to avoidance of shuttering and facilitate quality control.

Finishing Work
The cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies depending upon the type and quality of products used in the building and its cost reduction is left to the individual choice and liking.

Road construction machineries

2009-11-20T01:45:00.001-08:00

Asphalt paver

Rooler

bitumen paver

Asphalt distributor

Bridge construction types

2009-11-20T01:21:00.000-08:00

Beams:

Cross-section beams used in buildings may vary in size. Some are solid or hollow. Below are three different size beams. The first one box beam section, the second one beam section and the third one I have L section beam. Solid bars are hollow with huge smiles. As you strength and hardness of a special section bars below. He beams as strong as large, but too many can be lighter. We a good power / weight ratio as described in can.

Reinforced concrete beams

Solid doors and windows on buildings used as pieces support horizontal beams. These are called lintels. Engaged in concrete reinforced with steel rods These lintels are. Steel bars are usually placed under the neutral axis. More than one material is a combination of reinforced concrete composite materials. When under stress increased the strength of steel concrete increases.
Concrete is very strong in compression but weak in tension. One of the qualities of concrete as we describe it.

Task

1. Card and glue used three times. Test structural strength and load resistance (compression and tension in tension) for the separate beams. Between two desks or chairs we achieve this can keep time. If weight or suspended beams, we finally witness must be able to change the size of beams is kept on the top. He gives a sign of weakness. They fold or bend, depending on how much weight is hanging from them, maybe.

2. Test rapidly with heavy weight one tree. Although weight loss and weight recorded episodes of both structural size hanging if time. Place in a spreadsheet or change these results describe a graph with notes and record your results.
You watch episodes of one Newton meters or may consider using line test.

3. Once you finish your experiment illustrated folding beam or by any means the longest length of time without crumpling on was heavy weights.

4. Why was once the other two types of structurally stronger explain?

5. Such architectural structure which is used once to send?

6. With efforts to increase the power of additional beam map? Remember many additional cards, the time surcharge. The weight ratio with low power will be over.

Types of construction materials

2009-11-18T06:18:00.000-08:00

"Sticky, glue and gelatin
"Air conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment & Supplies
"Aluminum and its products
"Balcony railings
"Swimming in the system, panels, Bathtubs bath
"Equipment and bathroom items
Bristles are brushes, brooms, and related products
"Cast iron ornamental railings
Binder
Cement "& Tools
"Clay Bricks
»Compoundwall railing
Construction "
"Dies, castings and forgings
"Entrance banister
"Escalators, lifts, chair lifts and removal tool
"Fire Front Products
"Garden Furniture
"General Construction Equipment Operators
"Granite, marble and slate
"Registration Tool
Products "Iron, hardware and related
"Laterna railing
"Loading and off equipment
"Merchant Merchant
Nuts "and bolts, nails, screws and needles
"Other Miscellaneous Building & Construction
"Paints, varnishes, and powder
"Pipes, pipe fittings and flanges
"Plastic, PVC and Pu Products
"Process Control Equipment
"Security Locks
Plumbing "
"Security systems
"Spiral staircase railings
"Staircase railing
"Steel, stainless steel and related products
"Test Equipment and Machinery
"Wall and floor tiles
"Wood flooring, sawn timber, veneer and laminate
"Zinc Tool

Present Infrastructures

2009-11-17T21:16:00.001-08:00

Modern Buildings

2009-11-17T20:53:00.000-08:00

Civil Engineering Principles

2009-11-16T04:56:00.000-08:00

Basic principles of engineering and design analysis are included in the first two years. The infrastructure, including energy and water and geotechnical engineering and mathematics. Scanning is taught in the first year, all the area including the Easter holiday. What scratches taught computer skills, with the launch of a package more useful applications.

Design is the integration of engineering education in Bristol. In the first year, civil engineering and creative design and structure will appear. Second year courses in structural steel design, including concrete and geotechnical design.

A draft set of water resources, water supply and design a system including a large dam, mid Wales, has highlighted the third year. There is a real problem that has arisen in our relationship with industry based on one design is design in the fourth year. The most important element in this fourth year, and will play a large part of their time and creative effort. Students entered designs in many competitions, and with great success. Opportunity to study in my area is provided in the rear third and fourth year, through the optional courses that earthquake engineering, environmental management and a variety of slopes and includes stability. In the third year is the greatest freedom of choice, and you also from outside the administration of engineering faculty may choose a path, if desired. Major research project in the third year there, you can solve the problem of choosing closely related to one of the department's research areas.

The empirical and theoretical work may include analysis and assessment. The most important activity for the third year. Professional study courses their business knowledge, management and legal aspects of the manufacturing industry will expand. Focus is a set of transferable skills, presentation skills, including teamwork and leadership career of this project, will be used to develop for you is over. You as an optional subject during the time in Bristol in the study of European languages can choose.

All of our four-year degree program Menger United Kingdom, a chartered engineer to meet the needs of the Center directly.

CIVIL SECTOR

2009-10-29T23:19:00.000-07:00

This section discusses the Civil Engineering Civil Engineer fields.As wide world of fantasy and dreams open for us.
The civil field is so great that man can not be limited to certain areas, and Excel without adequate knowledge of other related areas. Reaches its highest, in "Civil Engineering is the field, and the Renaissance, it requires knowledge of many branches of knowledge.
" Below is a list of materials, you can choose:
* Bridge Engineering
* Construction
* Environmental Engineering
* Fire Protection Engineering
* Geotechnical Engineering
* General Engineering
* Hydro
* Article
* Pile engineering
* Structural Engineering
* Scans
* Timber Engineering
* Transportation Engineering
* Water Engineering
Search the web to learn more about specific areas

Civil Engineering Career option

2009-10-29T06:02:00.000-07:00

Civil engineering is considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, planning, including design and implementation of infrastructure. Planning, supervision and construction of public works like roads, including engineering, deals with various types of businesses, bridges, tunnels, buildings, airports, dams, water works, sewage treatment plants, ports and career opportunities, etc. provides a variety of challenges.

A plan and a project engineer is responsible for preparation, construction of the project, the necessary limits and maintenance of products. A civil engineer engineering knowledge, not only at a high level supervisory and administrative skills are required. Part of their work related to planning, site investigations, feasibility studies, complications that are real solutions to design structures can. You work with local government and plans together with guidelines approved by the competent authority is needed.

You can set the program cost estimates and construction make. Construction clients, including dealing with architects, government officials, contactors and supervision of work standards. His work includes repair and maintenance project. Structural civil engineering, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation, geo technical engineering projects, etc. The main specialties, engineers work in teams or in combination with several other engineers. You are a construction site or design a supervisor or a managerial position, research and public service or private concerns may find work as teaching.

Civil Engineering

2009-10-29T05:50:00.000-07:00

Civil Engineering is a professional engineering design, construction and such bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings as works in which the maintenance of physical and natural built environment, is concerned with discipline. Civil engineering military engineering, the oldest engineering discipline and between military technology military technology was decided not distinguish. It is traditionally broken into several sub-environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or municipal engineering, water management, materials engineering, coastal engineering , surveying, and engineering disciplines including. Civil engineering is done on all levels: federal level, the municipal public sector, private sector and individual homeowners through to international companies.

History of the science of civil engineering

Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history to understand the complex physics and mathematics is linked to advances in history. Because several different civil engineering a wide ranging profession, including special deputy, subjects, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soil, water science, environmental, engineering and other fields. Ancient and medieval history most architectural design and building out as a stone masons and carpenters were made by craftsmen during the growing role of Master Builders. Knowledge is retained in guilds rarely was supplanted by advances. Infrastructure, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering, a scientific approach one of the earliest examples of Archimedes' principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy and a 'practical solution as Archimedes' screw, including 3 centuries BC In Archimedes' work. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, mathematics used in the 7 th century AD, based on Hindu Arabic numerals (quantities) computations for excavation.